Canon EOS 2000D DSLR (Rebel T7) w/ 18-55mm Zoom Lens Kit + 64GB Memory, 420-800mm Super Zoom Lens, Wide Angle Lens, Telephoto Lens, 3PC Filter Kit, Photo Backpack, Tripod + More (34PC Bundle)

Capture Life's Moments in Perfect Detail with the Canon EOS 2000D DSLR 34PC Bundle

Photography is all about seizing moments, freezing time, and preserving memories for a lifetime. To do this effectively, you need a reliable camera that can adapt to various scenarios and a collection of essential accessories to enhance your photographic experience. The Canon EOS 2000D DSLR 34PC Bundle is your complete photography solution, offering not just the Canon EOS 2000D DSLR but also an array of accessories to elevate your photography game. In this article, we'll delve into the remarkable features and advantages of this comprehensive bundle that's perfect for both beginners and seasoned photographers.

Empower Your Photography with the Canon EOS 2000D DSLR

The Canon EOS 2000D, also known as the Rebel T7, is an entry-level DSLR camera that combines ease of use with stunning image quality. It's a versatile camera that can help you capture those once-in-a-lifetime moments with precision.

Key Components of the Canon EOS 2000D DSLR 34PC Bundle

1. Canon EOS 2000D DSLR Camera with 18-55mm Zoom Lens: This camera offers a powerful 24.1MP APS-C CMOS sensor, a DIGIC 4+ image processor, and an 18-55mm zoom lens, ensuring you have the essentials for capturing impressive photos and Full HD videos.

2. 420-800mm Super Zoom Lens: This telephoto lens extends your shooting capabilities, allowing you to capture distant subjects in great detail.

3. Wide-Angle Lens: The wide-angle lens is perfect for landscape photography and group shots, providing a broader perspective.

4. 64GB Memory Card: With ample storage, you can capture more memories without worrying about running out of space.

5. 3PC Filter Kit: The filter kit includes essential filters like UV, CPL, and FLD filters to enhance image quality and reduce unwanted glare and reflections.

6. Photo Backpack: Safely store and transport your camera and accessories with the included photo backpack.

7. Tripod: The tripod ensures stability for long-exposure shots and self-portraits, allowing you to explore creative angles.

Benefits of the Canon EOS 2000D DSLR 34PC Bundle

1. Versatility: With multiple lenses, you're equipped for various photography scenarios, from close-ups to landscapes.

2. High-Quality Imaging: The Canon EOS 2000D offers excellent image quality, ensuring that your photos and videos are sharp and detailed.

3. Ample Storage: The 64GB memory card provides ample space for storing a vast collection of high-resolution images and videos.

4. Enhanced Creativity: With accessories like the tripod and filter kit, you have the tools to explore and expand your creative horizons.

5. Convenience: This bundle is designed to be a one-stop solution for all your photography needs, saving you time and effort in selecting individual components.

The Canon EOS 2000D DSLR 34PC Bundle is a dream come true for photographers who want to explore the world of digital photography with confidence and creativity. This bundle empowers you with a versatile camera, an array of lenses, ample storage, and essential accessories to ensure that you're prepared for any photographic opportunity.

Whether you're a budding enthusiast or a seasoned pro, this comprehensive bundle has something to offer. Elevate your photography, capture life's beautiful moments in stunning detail, and order your Canon EOS 2000D DSLR 34PC Bundle today. It's more than just a camera; it's your passport to a world of visual storytelling and creativity.

About this item

• This Digital Village Camera Bundle Includes Sandisk 64GB Class 10 SD Memory Card, USB Card Reader, 420-800mm Super Zoom Lens, 0.43x Wide Angle Lens, 2.2x Telephoto Lens, 58mm 3 Piece Filter Kit, 50 inch DSLR Tripod, Flash, Lens Cap and Body Cap, Lens Cap Keeper, Neck Strap , Lens Cleaning Cloth, Camera & Gadget Backpack, Table Top Tripod, + 1 Year Seller Supplied Warranty , And Includes:
• 24.1MP APS-C CMOS Sensor - DIGIC 4+ Image Processor - 3.0" 920k-Dot LCD Monitor
• Full HD 1080p Video Recording at 30 fps - 9-point AF System and AI Servo AF - Extended ISO 12800, 3 fps Shooting
• Built-In Wi-Fi with NFC - Scene Intelligent Auto Mode - Basic+ and Creative Auto Modes - On-board Feature Guide
• EOS 2000D is known as EOS Rebel T7 - International Model, No Manufacturers Warranty

 

 

KuuZuse Professional DSLR Camera Cleaning Kit with APS-C Cleaning Swabs, Microfiber Cloths, Camera Cleaning Pen, for Camera Lens, Optical Lens and Digital SLR Cameras.

KuuZuse Professional DSLR Camera Cleaning Kit - Keeping Your Lens and Memories Crystal Clear

Every photographer knows that a clean camera lens is the secret to capturing stunning, high-quality images. Dust, smudges, and dirt on your lens can significantly impact the clarity and sharpness of your photos. The KuuZuse Professional DSLR Camera Cleaning Kit is a must-have tool for photographers of all levels. In this article, we'll explore the comprehensive features and benefits of this kit, designed to help you keep your camera lens, optical lens, and digital SLR camera in pristine condition.

The Importance of Camera Cleaning

Whether you're a professional photographer or an enthusiastic amateur, taking care of your camera equipment is essential. Dust and dirt particles can easily accumulate on your camera's lens, affecting image quality. The KuuZuse Cleaning Kit is designed to address this issue and keep your gear in optimal working condition.

Key Components of the KuuZuse Camera Cleaning Kit

1. APS-C Cleaning Swabs: These swabs are specially designed for APS-C sensors, ensuring that you can effectively remove dust and smudges from your camera's sensor without causing damage.

2. Microfiber Cloths: These soft and lint-free microfiber cloths are perfect for gently cleaning lenses, screens, and other delicate camera components without leaving scratches or residue.

3. Camera Cleaning Pen: The dual-ended cleaning pen features a soft brush for removing loose particles and a microfiber cleaning pad for more stubborn stains and smudges.

Benefits of the KuuZuse Camera Cleaning Kit

1. **Enhanced Image Quality**: By regularly cleaning your camera lens and sensor, you can maintain the clarity and sharpness of your photos, ensuring that every shot is of the highest quality.

2. **Extend Equipment Lifespan**: Proper cleaning and maintenance can help prolong the lifespan of your camera equipment, saving you money on costly repairs and replacements.

3. **Convenience**: The compact and portable design of the kit makes it easy to carry with you on photography expeditions, ensuring that you can keep your gear clean on the go.

4. **Versatility**: The kit is suitable for a wide range of camera types, including DSLRs and mirrorless cameras, making it a versatile and essential tool for photographers.

5. **Ease of Use**: The included instructions make it easy for photographers of all skill levels to effectively clean their camera equipment without the need for professional assistance.

Your camera equipment is an investment in your passion for photography, and it deserves the best care possible. The KuuZuse Professional DSLR Camera Cleaning Kit offers an easy and effective solution for keeping your camera lens, optical lens, and digital SLR camera in immaculate condition.

Don't let dust and smudges compromise the quality of your photos. Whether you're a professional photographer aiming for perfection or a hobbyist seeking to preserve cherished memories, this cleaning kit is an indispensable tool in your photography arsenal.

Unlock the full potential of your camera and maintain the crystal-clear quality of your images with the KuuZuse Camera Cleaning Kit. Keep your lens and memories pristine and order your kit today to ensure that your photography remains as sharp and vibrant as your passion for capturing moments.

Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit, Professional Photo Studio Lighting with 2x27x27in Soft Box | 2X 85W 3000-7500K E26 LED Bulb,Continuous Lighting Kit for Video Recording (ST-10877)

Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit, Professional Photo Studio Lighting with 2x27x27in Soft Box | 2X 85W 3000-7500K E26 LED Bulb,Continuous Lighting Kit for Video Recording (ST-10877)

Illuminate Your Creativity with the Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit

Photography and videography are all about capturing moments and stories in the best possible light, quite literally. Lighting plays a pivotal role in determining the quality of your visuals. The Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit (ST-10877) is a game-changer for photographers and videographers looking to take their craft to the next level. In this article, we'll delve into the features and benefits of this professional-grade lighting kit, designed to transform your creative vision into stunning visuals.

The Power of Proper Lighting

Great lighting can elevate an ordinary scene into something extraordinary. It can set the mood, emphasize details, and enhance the overall quality of your photos and videos. The Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit is here to make sure you always have the perfect lighting setup at your disposal.

Key Features of the Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit

1. Two 27x27-inch Softboxes: These softboxes provide a large, even, and diffused light source, minimizing harsh shadows and creating beautifully soft and flattering lighting. Perfect for portraits, product photography, and more.

2. Two 85W 3000-7500K E26 LED Bulbs: These bulbs are not only energy-efficient but also color-adjustable, allowing you to fine-tune the lighting temperature to suit your shooting conditions and creative preferences.

3. Sturdy and Adjustable Stands: The kit includes two adjustable light stands that can be extended up to 78 inches, providing versatility in positioning your lights at the perfect angle and height.

4. Easy Setup: The softboxes are quick and easy to assemble, saving you time and effort during your shoots.

5. Continuous Lighting: Unlike flash lighting, continuous lighting lets you see exactly how your lighting setup affects your subject in real time, making it easier to adjust and experiment.

6. Versatile Usage: Whether you're a portrait photographer, a content creator, or a product photographer, this kit is versatile enough to meet your diverse lighting needs.

Benefits for Photographers and Videographers

1. Professional Results: The Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit is designed to mimic the soft, flattering lighting used in professional studios, allowing you to capture stunning portraits and product images.

2. Creative Control: Adjustable color temperature and brightness give you complete creative control over your lighting, helping you achieve the desired mood and atmosphere for your shoots.

3. Ease of Use: Quick and hassle-free setup means you can spend more time focusing on your craft and less time dealing with complex equipment.

4. Consistency: The kit provides consistent lighting, ensuring that your photos and videos have uniform quality, shot after shot.

5. Versatility: Whether you're working on a commercial shoot, a YouTube video, or a family portrait session, this lighting kit is adaptable to a wide range of scenarios.

Investing in quality lighting is investing in the quality of your visual content. The Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit offers a versatile and professional solution to cater to your lighting needs. With its large softboxes, adjustable LED bulbs, and sturdy stands, it's a comprehensive package designed to help you achieve stunning results in your photography and videography projects.

Upgrade your lighting game and take your creativity to new heights with the Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit. Whether you're a seasoned professional or just starting on your creative journey, this kit can be the key to unlocking the full potential of your visuals. Don't miss the chance to illuminate your creativity—get the Torjim Softbox Photography Lighting Kit and start capturing moments like never before.

 

• 【Excellent Soft box with Wide Coverage】Soft box’s inner nylon reflector surface make the light much brighter, while its removable white diffuser made of premium PET fabric can eliminate shadows and make light softer and more uniform, giving you a best shooting experience. Its sturdy locking system make the soft box stable on the tripod during use.

• 【Energy Efficient Bulbs】Torjim soft box photography lighting kit adopts 2 x 85 W energy saving light bulbs (service life of about 6000 hours), saving energy up to 80%. Its 7500K color temperature produces balanced pure white daylight and continuous uniform light, and its low working temperature ensures that it will not get hot, providing an ideal photography environment.
• 【Adjust the Soft box & Tripod Stand As You Like】The soft box has a 210° rotatable head which enables you to adjust its position freely, and the tripod stand’s height can be adjusted from 27” to 74.5” easily, you can choose your desired tripod height. The 1/4 standard screw on the top of the tripod enables you to install other devices to it such as a ring light, projector and etc.
• 【Durable & Portable Lighting Kit for Multiple Applications】The tripod stand is made of premium aluminum alloy material, and its carrying bag included is convenient for carrying it around. Easy setup in minutes. This lighting kit is ideal for portrait shooting, live streaming, video fill light, fashion shooting, advertising shooting and so on.https://a.co/d/dUem7cr
• 【What You’ll Get】You’ll get 2 x soft boxes (27”x27”), 2 x height adjustable tripod stands (Max. height: 74.5”), 2 x E26 7500K 85W light bulbs, 1 x carrying bag, 1 x instruction manual and our 12-month warranty for this lighting kit, together with our professional and hassle-free after-sale services.

What is the history of the camera?

The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicore Nipece using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further.
The first type of camera/imaging device is called the camera obscura. This was an optical device used in drawing, and one of the ancestral threads leading to the invention of photography.
The principles of the camera obscura have been known since antiquity. Its potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by as early as the 15th century; Leonardo da Vinci once described the camera obscura. See links below for more information. 

The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was possible. Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding boxes for focusing. Before each exposure a sensitized plate would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record the image. Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process invented by William Talbot recorded images on paper.
Modern times
However, one of the first and most easily recognized types, popular and easy- to-use for consumer too, was the single lens reflex (SLR) camera. This type was and is most commonly used from around 1959 to present. One of the most successful, easy-to-use and professional models of this type was the Nikon F.  

Daguerre announced the latest perfection of the Daguerreotype, after years of experimentation, in 1839, with the French Academy of Sciences announcing the process on January 9 of that year. Daguerre's patent was acquired by the French Government, and, on August 19, 1839, the French Government announced the invention was a gift "Free to the World."  

Actually the first 'camera' was designed before Columbus. It was by simple deduction that an artist noticed a faint image on the opposing wall of a small building where a small hole was in the lighted side of the building. He worked on a lens that could be placed in a similar hole of another building and he noticed that the image on the opposite wall was rather clear, color and all, although upside down. He then proceeded to use oil paints that were in use to paint portraits at the time. He simply mixed the oils to match the colors and painted directly onto the image he was looking at. Today's cameras do the same thing minus the oil paint. Film cameras have replaced the oils with both silver halide salts and dyes. Digital cameras simply use super miniature diodes that are photo etched onto silicone slices (chips)and translates different ranges of the color spectrum into binary or machine language digital code.  

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 ? March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Co. and invented roll film, which brought photography to the common man. The roll film was also the basis for the invention of the motion picture film, used by early filmmakers Thomas Edison, the Lumi Brothers and Georges M
The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicore Nie using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further. Before the invention of photography, there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them.
The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was possible. Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding boxes for focusing. Before each exposure a sensitized plate would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record the image. Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process invented by William Fox Talbot recorded images on paper.
The development of the collodion wet plate process by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times dramatically, but required photographers to prepare and develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a mobile darkroom. Despite their complexity, the wet-plate ambrotype and tintype processes were in widespread use in the latter half of the 19th century. Wet plate cameras were little different from previous designs, though there were some models (such as the sophisticated Dubroni of 1864) where the sensitizing and developing of the plates could be carried out inside the camera itself rather than in a separate darkroom. Other cameras were fitted with multiple lenses for making cartes de visite. It was during the wet plate era that the use of bellows for focusing became widespread.  

George Eastman invented the camera in 1888.   
Ibn Haytham, a Muslim scientist was known the Father of Optics, He invented the first telescope and optic's concept. why so many claims without proves ? almost All modern sciences are comes from Muslim scientists.

from : www.wiki.answers.com
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Invention of the Camera

The camera came in increments ... light (lens):
4th - 5th Centuries B.C. - Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principles of optics and the camera.
1664 - 1666 - Isaac Newton discovered that white light is composed of different colors.
1727 - Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light.
1794 - First Panorama opens, the forerunner of the movie house invented by Robert Barker.
1814 - Joseph Nicephore Niepce achieves first photographic image with camera obscura. However, the image required 8 hours of light exposure and later faded.
1837 - Daguerr'es first dauerroetype, the first image that was fixed and did not fade and needed under 30 minutes of light exposure.
1840 - First American patent issued in photography to Alexander Wolcott for his camera.
1841 - William Henry Talbot patents the Calotype process - the first negative-positive process making possible the first multiple copies.
1843 - First advertisement with a photograph made in Philadelphia.
1851 - Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process - images required only 2 - 3 seconds of light exposure.
1859 - Panoramic camera patented - the Sutton
1861 - Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer.
1865 - Photographs and photographic negatives are added to protected works under copyright.
1871 - Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process - negatives no longer had to be developed immediately.
1880 - Eastman Dry Plate Company founded.
1884 - Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic film.
1888 - Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera.
1898 - Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film.
1900 - First mass-marketed camera - the Brownie.
1913/1914 - First 35 mm still camera developed.
Here is more input:

• In 1839 by Jon Bradford Eagle

• Actually, the word "Camera" comes from the Arabic word "Kamra" which means "Dark room". The Camera was invented by a Muslim Astronomer/Physicist/Mathematician Alhazen. Europeans have taken a lot of inventions by Muslim scientists and called them their own. the camera is one of many.

• The above 'Muslim-Centric' poster needs to check their facts. Alhazen did NOT invent the actual camera, he was merely a mathmetician and a comsmetician that copied scientific texts to enhance his income when he lived in Cairo. He took other discoveries and copied them for his own monetary gains. He did do an essay on Optics but his essay had nothing to do with the physical invention of the modern Camera. The term 'Camera' is derived from the latin words 'Camera Obscura'. The word you mention (which you did not spell correctly) 'Kamara' means 'Vaulted Chamber', not 'Dark Room' as you so incorrectly stated. Please check your facts before you post your incorrect and obviously one sided views. As for Europeans taking a lot from Muslims, you need to understand that many discoveries in this world were taught and handed down to others and expanded upon. It is that idea of SHARING that makes this modern world a fun place to live. Please do not disparage the rest of the world with your racist isolationist beliefs. Something that benefits all mankind should be shared, not greedily kept 'yours'.

• To the best of my knowledge the negative / positive photographic process was first pioneered in England by an inventor called William Fox Talbot (1800 - 1877) in a abbey called Lacock.

• Did you also know that to this day filmmakers can't resolve the problem of car or wagon wheels going backwards in a movie? Next time you watch a movie, take a close look at the car's wheels.

• This backwards wheel effect might be due to the limits of the film (modern films are 24 frames a second, earlier films were less) producing this effect on your eye. I believe the human eye can process 28 frames per second but this discrepancy on film might be due to the slower rate. It also does this on propellers of airplanes in films.

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Exposure and rendering

Exposure and rendering

Camera controls are interrelated. The total amount of light reaching the film plane (the 'exposure') changes with the duration of exposure, aperture of the lens, and on the effective focal length of the lens (which in variable focal length lenses, can force a change in aperture as the lens is zoomed). Changing any of these controls can alter the exposure. Many cameras may be set to adjust most or all of these controls automatically. This automatic functionality is useful for occasional photographers in many situations.

The duration of an exposure is referred to as shutter speed, often even in cameras that do not have a physical shutter, and is typically measured in fractions of a second. It is quite possible to have exposures from one up to several seconds, usually for still-life subjects, and for night scenes exposure times can be several hours.

The effective aperture is expressed by an f-number or f-stop (derived from focal ratio), which is proportional to the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of the aperture. Longer lenses will pass less light even though the diameter of the aperture is the same due to the greater distance the light has to travel: shorter lenses (a shorter focal length) will be brighter with the same size of aperture.

The smaller the f/number, the larger the effective aperture. The present system of f/numbers to give the effective aperture of a lens was standardized by an international convention. There were earlier, different series of numbers in older cameras.

If the f-number is decreased by a factor of , the aperture diameter is increased by the same factor, and its area is increased by a factor of 2. The f-stops that might be found on a typical lens include 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, where going up "one stop" (using lower f-stop numbers) doubles the amount of light reaching the film, and stopping down one stop halves the amount of light.

Image capture can be achieved through various combinations of shutter speed, aperture, and film or sensor speed. Different (but related) settings of aperture and shutter speed enable photographs to be taken under various conditions of film or sensor speed, lighting and motion of subjects and/or camera, and desired depth of field. A slower speed film will exhibit less "grain", and a slower speed setting on an electronic sensor will exhibit less "noise", while higher film and sensor speeds allow for a faster shutter speed, which reduces motion blur or allows the use of a smaller aperture to increase the depth of field. For example, a wider aperture is used for lower light and a lower aperture for more light. If a subject is in motion, then a high shutter speed may be needed. A tripod can also be helpful in that it enables a slower shutter speed to be used.

For example, f/8 at 8 ms (1/125 of a second) and f/5.6 at 4 ms (1/250 of a second) yield the same amount of light. The chosen combination has an impact on the final result. The aperture and focal length of the lens determine the depth of field, which refers to the range of distances from the lens that will be in focus. A longer lens or a wider aperture will result in "shallow" depth of field (i.e. only a small plane of the image will be in sharp focus). This is often useful for isolating subjects from backgrounds as in individual portraits or macro photography. Conversely, a shorter lens, or a smaller aperture, will result in more of the image being in focus. This is generally more desirable when photographing landscapes or groups of people. With very small apertures, such as pinholes, a wide range of distance can be brought into focus, but sharpness is severely degraded by diffraction with such small apertures. Generally, the highest degree of "sharpness" is achieved at an aperture near the middle of a lens's range (for example, f/8 for a lens with available apertures of f/2.8 to f/16). However, as lens technology improves, lenses are becoming capable of making increasingly sharp images at wider apertures.

Image capture is only part of the image forming process. Regardless of material, some process must be employed to render the latent image captured by the camera into a viewable image. With slide film, the developed film is just mounted for projection. Print film requires the developed film negative to be printed onto photographic paper ortransparency. Digital images may be uploaded to an image server (e.g., a photo-sharing web site), viewed on a television, or transferred to a computer or digital photo frame.

A photographer using a tripod for greater stability during long exposure.

Prior to the rendering of a viewable image, modifications can be made using several controls. Many of these controls are similar to controls during image capture, while some are exclusive to the rendering process. Most printing controls have equivalent digital concepts, but some create different effects. For example, dodging and burning controls are different between digital and film processes. Other printing modifications include:

• Chemicals and process used during film development
• Duration of print exposure – equivalent to shutter speed
• Printing aperture – equivalent to aperture, but has no effect on depth of field
• Contrast – changing the visual properties of objects in an image to make them distinguishable from other objects and the background
• Dodging – reduces exposure of certain print areas, resulting in lighter areas
• Burning in – increases exposure of certain areas, resulting in darker areas
• Paper texture – glossy, matte, etc.
• Paper type – resin-coated (RC) or fiber-based (FB)
• Paper size
• Toners – used to add warm or cold tones to black-and-white prints

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Function

Function

The camera is the image-forming device, and photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the sensing medium. The respective recording medium can be the film itself, or a digital electronic or magnetic memory.^[6]

Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material (such as film) to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on film) or "raw file" (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on paper or film.

The camera (or 'camera obscura') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see Process camera). A general principle known from the birth of photography is that the smaller the camera, the brighter the image. This meant that as soon as photographic materials became sensitive enough (fast enough) to take candid or what were called genre pictures, small detective cameras were used, some of them disguised as a tie pin that was really a lens, as a piece of luggage or even a pocket watch (the Ticka camera).

The discovery of the 'camera obscura' that provides an image of a scene is very old, dating back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscuras that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the invention of photography was really concerned with finding a means to fix and retain the image in the camera obscura. This in fact occurred first using the reproduction of images without a camera when Josiah Wedgewood, from the famous family of potters, obtained copies of paintings on leather using silver salts. As he had no way of fixing them, that is to say to stabilize the image by washing out the non-exposed silver salts, they turned completely black in the light and had to be kept in a dark room for viewing.

Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means "dark chamber" in Latin. It is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper.

The movie camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures together to create the illusion of motion.^[7]

In all but certain specialized cameras, the process of obtaining a usable exposure must involve the use, manually or automatically, of a few controls to ensure the photograph is clear, sharp and well illuminated. The controls usually include but are not limited to the following:

Control	Description
Focus	The position of a viewed object or the adjustment of an optical device necessary to produce a clear image: in focus; out of focus.[8]
Aperture	Adjustment of the lens opening, measured as f-number, which controls the amount of light passing through the lens. Aperture also has an effect on depth of field and diffraction – the higher the f-number, the smaller the opening, the less light, the greater the depth of field, and the more the diffraction blur. The focal length divided by the f-number gives the effective aperture diameter.
Shutter speed	Adjustment of the speed (often expressed either as fractions of seconds or as an angle, with mechanical shutters) of the shutter to control the amount of time during which the imaging medium is exposed to light for each exposure. Shutter speed may be used to control the amount of light striking the image plane; 'faster' shutter speeds (that is, those of shorter duration) decrease both the amount of light and the amount of image blurring from motion of the subject and/or camera.
White balance	On digital cameras, electronic compensation for the color temperature associated with a given set of lighting conditions, ensuring that white light is registered as such on the imaging chip and therefore that the colors in the frame will appear natural. On mechanical, film-based cameras, this function is served by the operator's choice of film stock or with color correction filters. In addition to using white balance to register natural coloration of the image, photographers may employ white balance to aesthetic end, for example white balancing to a blue object in order to obtain a warm color temperature.
Metering	Measurement of exposure so that highlights and shadows are exposed according to the photographer's wishes. Many modern cameras meter and set exposure automatically. Before automatic exposure, correct exposure was accomplished with the use of a separate light metering device or by the photographer's knowledge and experience of gauging correct settings. To translate the amount of light into a usable aperture and shutter speed, the meter needs to adjust for the sensitivity of the film or sensor to light. This is done by setting the "film speed" or ISO sensitivity into the meter.
ISO speed	Traditionally used to "tell the camera" the film speed of the selected film on film cameras, ISO speeds are employed on modern digital cameras as an indication of the system's gain from light to numerical output and to control the automatic exposure system. The higher the ISO number the greater the film sensitivity to light, whereas with a lower ISO number, the film is less sensitive to light. A correct combination of ISO speed, aperture, and shutter speed leads to an image that is neither too dark nor too light, hence it is 'correctly exposed', indicated by a centered meter.
Autofocuspoint	On some cameras, the selection of a point in the imaging frame upon which the auto-focus system will attempt to focus. Many Single-lens reflex cameras (SLR) feature multiple auto-focus points in the viewfinder.

Many other elements of the imaging device itself may have a pronounced effect on the quality and/or aesthetic effect of a given photograph; among them are:

• Focal length and type of lens (normal, long focus, wide angle, telephoto, macro, fisheye, or zoom)
• Filters placed between the subject and the light recording material, either in front of or behind the lens
• Inherent sensitivity of the medium to light intensity and color/wavelengths.
• The nature of the light recording material, for example its resolution as measured in pixels or grains of silver halide.

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic